Monday, January 25, 2016
Design of Screw Conveyor Models for Waste Water Filter Equipment (Case Study: Laboratory for Development of Tanning and Waste Water Treatment, Center for Leather, Rubber and Plastic)
ABSTRACT
Tanning industry produces large amounts of wastewater which contains much solid particles. If left unchecked, the solids can block the pipe and damage equipments of wastewater treatment plant.Hence, the suspended fine solid must be separated from the wastewater. This engineering activity has generated screw conveyor models for wastewater filter. The specifications of the filter are screw diameter 300 mm, pitch distance 150 mm, shaft diameter 25.4 mm, screw length 1200 mm, tilt angle 250, and screw actual capacity 42.237,99 kg/hour. Propulsion system comprising an inverter, 3 phase, 1 hp electric motors; and gear box. The advantages of this equipment are the effectiveness of filtering up to 90 %, easy operation and maintenance, and the filtered solid is in half dried conditions, so it is easy to store and transport.
Keywords: screening, screw conveyor, wastewater
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MANUFACTURING OF CHROME-FREE SHOE UPPER LEATHER
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to obtain the process formulation for leather tanning in manufacturing chrome-free upper leather. The tanning process used vegetable tanning material (mimosa), syntan, and combination of vegetable-syntan. The leather were prepared using 25, 30, and 35% of mimosa, 10, 15, and 20% of syntan, and 15:10; 15:15; and 20%:15% of mimosa:syntan. Chrome tanning material 6% was used as control. Based from the results of physical testing according to SNI 0234:2009, the resulting leather met the quality requirements for shoe upper leather. Tanning process with 20% syntan gave the best result.
Keywords: chrome, vegetable, syntan, leather, shoes
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Tuesday, January 19, 2016
UTILIZATION OF Bacillus megatorium DSM-319 FOR SOAKING PROCESS OF JACKET LEATHER
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to obtain eco-friendly soaking process for goatskin and to shorten the soaking time. The enzyme used in the soaking process was Bacillus megatorium DSM-319, with enzyme concentration of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% and soaking time of 1, 1.5, and 2 hours. Each sample were tested for skin histology observation using photomicrograph, protein concentration analysis, tensile strength, elongation, colour fastness (dry and wet) and flexibility. The results showed that protein content of goat skin was decreased 42.32% after optimum soaking with 1% enzyme for one hour. The results of the physical testing of jacket leather with optimum soaking process met the quality requirements of SNI 4593:2011 Sheep/goat jacket leather.
Keywords: Bacillus megatorium DSM-319, enzyme, soaking, goatskin, jacket
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ADSORPTION OF AMMONIA FROM TANNERY WASTEWATER USING BAGASSE FLY ASH
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to reduce ammonia concentration in tannery wastewater using bagasse fly ash in a batch adsorption system. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dose and contact time. Data analysis was performed by calculating the efficiency of adsorption and fitting the data into Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Correlation coefficient and mean squared error were used to evaluate the performance of the models. From the results, it was found that the operating conditions to achieve an optimum removal efficiency of 45.72% are 1 hour contact time and 2 grams of bagasse fly ash. The results also indicate that the data fits Langmuir model well where Langmuir constant Qo, b, and correlation coefficient were found to be 0.706 mg/g, 0.209 L/mg, and 0.9424, respectively.
Keywords: Ammonia, adsorption, bagasse fly ash, tannery wastewater
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VERMICOMPOSTING OF FLESHING WASTE AT THE TANNERY INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
A research on utilization of fleshing waste at the tannery industry by vermicomposting have been conducted. The growth media consist of dung, fleshing waste, and stubbles. Ratio of dung and fleshing waste were varied at 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; and 50:50 respectively. All the media were fermented for three weeks and then proceeded by incubation process of earthworm for another six weeks. The changes of the volume per weight of media, the earthworm weight, C, N, and C/N ratio were observed and measured every week. The result showed that media volume per weight value were decreased in direct proportional to weight of the fleshing waste added in the media, those were 1.66; 1.64; 1.53; 1.50; 1.39; and 1.31 cm3/g, respectively. C/N ratio were below 15 for all combination of media ratio after two weeks incubation. The optimum result was achieved for compost with dung and fleshing waste ratio of 60:40.
Keywords: Earthworm, fleshing waste, C/N ratio, vermicomposting.
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THE USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS (Equisetum hyemale and Echinodorus palaef) IN TANNERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT TO REDUCE POLLUTANT LOAD WITH WETLAND AND ADSORPTION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Wastewater treatment using wetland and adsorption system were carried out to improve the properties of secondary settling pond’ s outlet. The purpose of this research was to reduce pollutant level from the secondary settling pond’s outlet so it could be used in the wetland stage and the treated wastewater could be reused. Wastewater effluent from secondary settling pond was discharged into adsorber and subsequently into wetland by flow rate arrangement. Laboratory simulation was carried out to find out the capacity of aquatic plants in reducing the pollutant level. The result showed that the BOD, COD and TSS value of wastewater from laboratory simulation were 191 mg/l, 6.24 mg/l, and 24 mg/l, and after the wetland stage were 409 mg/l, 10.32 mg/l, and 145 mg/l respectively. The quality of wastewater met the standard SNI 06-0649-1989 Water for tannery.
Keywords: adsorption, aquatic plant, wastewater treatment, wetland
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THE EFFECT OF SULFUR ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALE CREPE AND SBR BLENDS USED FOR HEAT RESISTANT RUBBER
ABSTRACT
Sulfur plays an important role in the rubber vulcanization process especially in the formation of crosslinks. Heat resistant rubber made from mixing pale crepe and SBR requires the right amount of sulfur as crosslinking agent. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of sulfur on the changes in physical properties before and after aging. Heat resistant rubber was made with variation of pale crepe/SBR: 80/20; 70/30; 60/40; 50/50 phr and sulfur variation of 1; 1.5 phr. The results showed that sulfur was influential in the crosslinks formation. The addition of 1 phr sulfur gave higher physical properties of the vulcanized with 1.5 phr sulfur. The changes of physical properties after aging process of the vulcanized with sulfur 1 phr was lower than the vulcanized with sulfur 1.5 phr. Vulcanized pale crepe/SBR (70/30) with 1 phr sulfur could be applied as heat-resistant rubber products.
Keywords: Pale crepe/SBR blends, sulfur, physical properties, heat resistant rubber
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THE EFFECT OF MBTS/ZDEC RATIO ON NATURAL RUBBER AND ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE RUBBER BLENDS PREPARED BY CURATIVES MIGRATION CONTROL TECHNIQUE
Abstract
The objective of this research was to observe the effect of MBTS/ZDEC ratio on dynamic properties, curing characteristic, morphology as well as hardness and resiliency of the NR/EPDM blends prepared by curatives migration control technique. The MBTS/ZDEC ratio were 1.6/0.0; 1.5/0.1; 1.4/0.2; 1.3/0.3 and 1.2/0.4 respectively on a fixed NR/EPDM ratio of 60/40. Compounds (EPDM and NR) were prepared separately using two roll mill. The blends with binary accelerator MBTS/ZDEC showed synergistic activity which provided higher crosslink density than those of single accelerator MBTS. Reduction of ts2 and t90 as well as cure rate index (CRI) indicated the more homogeneous crosslink density distribution within the rubber phase. Scanning electron micrograph showed that the blends with binary accelerator gave smoother surface. Binary accelerator resulted higher hardness. Increasing of ZDEC raised hardness followed by reduction of the resillience property.
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UTILIZATION OF CRUMB RUBBER INDUSTRY SOLID WASTE FOR MAKING COMPOST
Abstract
The objective of the research was to create a compost formula for plant fertilizer. Composts containing 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50 parts of crumb rubber industry solid waste and 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 parts of bran were prepared. The mixing was done by adding 20 ml of molasses and 20 ml of EM4. Moisture content was maintained at 40-60%. The compost was mature in 40 days. The resulting compost was compared to SNI 2803:2010 Solid NPK Fertilizer and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 70/Permentan/SR-140/10/2011 on Organic Fertilizer. The best compost that met the requirements (except kalium) was the compost with 20 parts of bran, 80, 90, and 100 parts of solid waste. The physical properties of the compost were dark brown similar to the color of the soil, insoluble in water, C/N ratio of 20.74 to 25.44, temperature approximately equal to the ambient, and odorless.Full Text
Sunday, January 17, 2016
OPTIMIZATION OF THE REACTION TIME ON THE FORMATION OF STABLE INDOPHENOL BLUE COMPLEX FOR N-AMMONIA ANALYSIS IN THE TANNERY WASTEWATER USING PHENATE METHOD
Abstract
Optimization of the reaction time on the formation of indofenol blue complex for N-Ammonia analysis in the tannery wastewater using phenate method has been carried out. The aim of the study was to determine the optimum time for complex formation of indophenol blue. Variations of reaction time were 1; 2; 2,5; 3; and 21 hours. Accuracy and precision were evaluated to determine the feasibility of developing the method. Analysis of N-Ammonia was done by using a spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 630 nm. Optimum reaction time on the formation of indofenol blue complex for ammonia analysis in the tannery wastewater was achieved at a minimum time of 2 hours at the temperature test of 25oC. The accuracy and relative percent different were 90-97% and <5% respectively, met the SNI-6989.30-2005 so that the method was feasible to be developed and used in the laboratory.
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Thursday, January 14, 2016
IMPROVEMENT OF TREATED TANNERY WASTEWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM VEGETATED WITH Equisetum hyemale
Abstract
A research of constructed wetland system vegetated with Equisetum hyemale for treating of treated tannery wastewater have been conducted. The constructed wetland was 3 m long, 1 m wide, and 1 m deep or equal with volume of 3 m3. The construction of wetland consisted of 4 main layers (from the bottom to the top): 0.3 m of rock; 0.3 m of gravel; 0.1 m of black sugar-palm fiber; and 0.3 m of sand. The wetland was operated with subsurface flow system (SSF). The detention time was varied at 3.125; 2.083; and 1.563 days. The result showed that the optimum removal were 60.60% for COD with detention time of 3.125 days, 60.17% for BOD with detention time of 2.083 days, 93.76% for TSS with detention time of 3.125 days, 89.02% for S with detention time of 3.125 days and 96.89% for total chrome wth detention time of 2.083 days.Full Text
UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATED BY THE WETLAND SYSTEM FOR MAKING GLACE LEATHER
Abstract
Tanneries use large quantities of water and produce high pollutant load. Wastewater recycling is an effective way to conserve water supplies. The purpose of this study was to reuse wastewater that has been treated with a wetland system to save water and to apply cleaner production in tannery industry. The treated wastewater was tested in accordance with the test requirements of water used for leather tanning process. The treated wastewater test results met the requirements of SNI 06-0649-1989 Water for the tanning process. Furthermore, treated wastewater was used for leather tanning process with variations of wastewater used were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The resulting leather was tested in accordance with SNI 06-0253-1989 Quality requirement of goat glace leather. The test results met the SNI. Utilization of 75 % wastewater gave the best result.Full Text
CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL, RESISTANCE TO FIRE AND BURNING, AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BLEND PVC AND LDPE NANOCOMPOSITE
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of addition of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and flame retardant on mechanical properties, resistant to fire and burning and morphology from the mixture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), LDPE, flame retardant, and nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) as filler. The materials were mixed in laboplastomill at 215 ºC, torque speed 50 rpm, for 10 minutes. Nanocomposite was prepared by PVC/LDPE variations of 100/15; 100/20; 100/25; and 100/30 phr and flame retardant variations of 30 and 35 phr. The results showed that the hihger of LDPE in nanocomposite increased the hardness and impact resistance, however, it decreased the tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. Addition of flame retardant to the nanocomposites showed good resistance to fire and burning, and optimum mechanical properties were found in using of 35 phr flame retardant.The morphology of the nanocomposite, were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirmed that homogeneous mixture of LDPE dispersed in the PVC matrix.
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THE PHYSICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ABS/PC NANOCOMPOSITES CONTAINING NANOFILLER NPCC
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of blend ratios of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) in the different amount of nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) on the physical properties of ABS/PC nanocomposites. Nanocomposites were prepared in varied ratio of ABS/PC 100/0; 90/10; 80/20; 70/30 and varied amount of NPCC 0; 2.5; and 5 phr (per hundred resin), Nanocomposites were made by melt compounding in the Laboplastomill internal mixer at 200°C for 10 minutes. The SEM micrographs showed homogeneous dispersion of the nanocomposite materials and did not show aglomeration of NPCC. The best nanocomposite was a nanocomposite containing the ABS/PC 90/10 with NPCC 2.5 phr perfomed with impact resistance 5030 J/m2, tensile strength 380.14 kg/cm2, elongation at break 3.59%, density 1.16 g/cm3, and hardness 85 Shore DFull Text
Wednesday, January 6, 2016
OPTIMATION OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) FISH SKIN FINISHING PROCESS FOR SHOE UPPER
Emiliana Kasmudjiastuti
Keywords: tilapia fish skin, aqueous top coat, leather finishing.
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Abstract
The aims of this study was to get the optimum finishing
formulations of tilapia fish skin for shoe upper. The variations of
experiment were four factors, namely of the variation of binders (1:2
and 1:3), lacquer water (1:1 and 1:2), plating temperatures (50, 65, 80
and 95°C) and plating time (0.5, 1, and 1.5 seconds). Testing was
conducted on tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength,
stitch strength, softness, and colour fastness. Statistical analysis was
conducted using the General Linear Model (GLM) followed by Tukey’s
Studentized Range Test (TSRT). The results showed that the optimum
formula for finishing were performed by a variation of binder 1:2,
lacquer water 1:2, temperature of plating 95°C and time of plating 1.5
seconds, and it was characterized by the physical properties of tensile
strength 177.32 kg/cm2, elongation at break 62%, tear strength 41.92
kg/cm, stitch strength 113.06 kg/cm, softness 2.33 and generally met the
standard requirements of SNI 0253:2009: Footwear upper leather - goat
skin.
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KINETICS STUDIES OF NR/EPDM BLENDS VULCANIZATION BASED ON DENG-ISAYEV AND KAMAL-SOROUR MODELS
Abstract
Curing kinetics of natural rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer (NR/EPDM) blends at different ratios of 2,2’-dithiobis(benzothiazole) (MBTS) and zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDEC) were studied. NR/EPDM blends were prepared using curative migration control technique. Kinetics studies employ Deng-Isayev and Kamal-Sorour models and kinetics parameters were evaluated using measured data from Moving Die Rheometer. Rate constant (k) and orders of reaction (n and m) were estimated through multivariable optimization using Matlab and activation energy (E) was determined using Arrhenius relationship. From the results, it is evident that the experimental data were in a good agreement with Kamal-Sorour model. It is also found that autocatalytic mechanism was more controlling than the others as indicated by k2>k1. Results also shows that rate constants were greatly influenced by temperature and the types of accelerator, while orders of reaction were dependent on temperature and independent on the types and amounts of accelerator. Combination of MBTS and ZDEC reduces energy activation of autocatalytic reaction. For desirable rate of curing, its ratio of 1.4 to 0.2 gave the lowest activation energy.
Keywords: kinetics study, vulcanization, NR/EPDM, Deng-Isayev, Kamal-Sorour.
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CHROME UTILIZATION OF SHAVING WASTE FOR LEATHER TANNING
Abstract
This study aims to determine the extent of chrome in shaving waste that can be recovered and reused for tanning the leather and to reduce environmental pollution. Three kg of chrome shaving waste was hydrolyzed with NaOH by variation of 1, 2 and 3 % respectively in 10 liters of water, at temperature of 100oC for 1 hour. The results solution was then filtered to separate the chrome from the collagen protein . The filtered solids chrome was recovery by concentrated using sulfuric acid. The resulting chrome has Cr2O3 about 11 g/kg of chromium with utiluzation of 2 % NaOH. The recovered chrome was used for tanning goat skin with variation of 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 100% respectively from total chrome used for tanning leather. Test result showed that the variation of 60 % met the standard of SNI 0253-2009: Upper leather footwear-goat. The use of recovered chrome reduce environmental pollution.
Keywords: chrome, hydrolysis, shaving waste, tannery, environment protection.
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NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATING TANNERY WASTEWATER EFFLUENT
Abstract
Recently constructed wetland have been widely used in wastewater treatment because of its low energy consumption and its simple operation. A research for removing nitrogen in the treated tannery wastewater by using constructed wetland have been conducted. Two unit of constructed wetland were used. Each unit was vegetated with Equisetum hyemale and Echinodorus palaefolius respectively. Both unit were then operated with subsurface flow system by varying the residence time at 3.125; 2.083; and 1.563 days. The results showed that the optimum effectiveness of nitrogen reduction were 83.67% with a residence time of 3.125 days and 70.29% with a residence time of 2.083 days for Equisetum hyemale and Echinodorus palaefolius respectively. Nitrogen reduction rate constant of 0.275 by using the formula of the USEPA was only suitable for wetland with Equisetum hyemale with R2 of 0.880.
Keywords: constructed wetland, nitrogen removal, Equisetum hyemale, Echinodorus palaefolius.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF TINGI (Ceriops tagal) BARK AS VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIAL
Abstract
Tingi (Ceriops tagal) bark was highly potential as tanning materials due to high tannin concentration. The aim of the study was to determine the characterization of properties of tanning material made from tingi bark, including the tannin levels, the non-tannin levels, the tannin type, the absorption level of the solution and the FTIR spectrum analysis. The method used in this research was countercurrent system in the extraction process, feed solution preparation process, the thickening process, powder formation process conducted with the aid of Rotavapor- 151 Standard, and testing. The results showed that the tingi bark contains tannin level 70.91% and non-tannin levels 10.63%. Tannins from tingi bark were classified as procyanidin condensed tannins type and the absorption values obtained maximum value at wavelength 490 nm. The FTIR spectral data indicated that tingi tannins contained hydroxyl group (ⱱ O-H; ⱱ N-H) in the area (3467.418-3057.025) cm-1, aromatic group (ⱱ C-H) in the area of 2875,733 cm-1, ⱱ C=O (ester group in tanned material) in the area (1747.442-1612.422) cm-1, ⱱ-OH; R-COO-in the area of 1444.626 cm-1 and ⱱ(SO4)2 -; R-SO3; R-SO3H in the area (1112.823-1062.729) cm-1.
Keywords: FTIR spectrum, procyanidin, tingi bark, tannin, solution absorption
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NATURAL RUBBER LATEX FOR SHOE SOLE: MANUFACTURING METHOD, MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Abstract
The objective of this research were to determine the manufacturing method, to obtain the best formula and to study the morphologycal properties of natural rubber latex shoe sole. This method was conducted in three steps of process; thermoforming, micropore treatment in water, and vulcanization. The testing method and quality requirement parameters using SNI 0778:2009. These latex shoe sole was made using 5 phr Nano Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (NPCC) filler, with varying addition of CaCO3 filler in 0, 5, 10,15, and 20 phr combination. The best formula was achieved from the combination of NPCC/CaCO3 filler about 5/5 phr. And its mechanical properties result was concluded as follows: tensile strength was 169,87 kg/cm2, elongation at break was 648,03 %, hardness was 46,33 shore A, good flexing and no cracks, density was 0,93 g/cm3, abrasion resistance was 346,26 mm3, 50% permanent set was 2,15%. All of the parameters required in SNI 0778:2009 were complied, except for its hardness parameter.Keywords: natural rubber latex, shoe sole, casting
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ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) (PVC)/LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) NANOCOMPOSITE
Abstract
One of the most serious problems encountered in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) processing is due to low thermal stability of the PVC. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of LDPE and flame retardant on to the electrical and thermal nanocomposites properties The nanocomposites were prepared using a laboplastomill with (15; 20; 25 and 30 phr) LDPE and (30 and 35 phr) flame retardant at 215 ºC and 50 rpm rotor speed. The thermal properties of nanocomposite was evaluated by TGA/DTA and DSC, electrical properties was evaluated by volume resistivity. Thermal analysis results revealed that decomposition of nanocomposites occured at 280 ºC. DSC results show that crystalisation temperatur (Tc) at 250 ºC, melting temperature (Tm) at 260 ºC and glass temperature (Tg) at 60 ºC. The IR spectra of nanocomposites showed that there was absorption at 1579 cm-1 formed polyene (C=C). The electrical testing of nanocomposites fullfill the quality requirements of SNI 04-6504-2001 Lampu swaballast untuk pelayanan umum-persyaratan keselamatan ≥ 4 MΩ.
Keywords: nanocomposites, PVC, LDPE, thermal, electrical.
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THE STUDY OF GAMBIR QUALITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF TANNED LEATHER
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the quality of gambier taken from gambier production center in West Sumatra, the characteristic of tanned leather which was tanned by gambier, and the relationship between gambier quality and tanned leather product. This study was conducted by firstly taking the samples from ten location randomly, secondly analizing some of its characteristics, and later applicating them in leather tanning. The relationship between some gambier parameters with tanned leather was determined by linear regression. The result was finding that the quality was varied among different gambier production centers, comprise of water content, tannin level, cathecin level, ash level and water-insoluble substances. Sixty percent of producton centers had given gambier which was capable to produce leather met the quality requirements. The result also found there were a strong relationship between gambier characteristics and quality of tanned leather, e.g. gambier tannin level and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.980), gambier catechins level and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.967) and gambier ash content and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.852). Highest tannin level would produce good tanned leather.
Keywords: gambier, tanning, tanned leather, the correlation.
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UTILIZATION OF TINGI (Ceriops tagal) BARK’S EXTRACT AS VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIAL: THE INFLUENCE OF ALUM AND MIMOSA ADDITION
Abstract
This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of the Tingi bark’s extract as vegetable tanning material and the optimum formulations of Tingi extract for lining leather tanning, when combined with alum and mimosa. The research variables included the solution compositions of alum, Tingi extract, and mimosa, as well as the process sequences in which the hides were exposed to each aforementioned solution. There were 8 (eight) different treatments performed in this research; those are alum (4%)-Tingi, alum (6%)-Tingi, alum (4%)-Tingi-mimosa (5%), alum (6%)-Tingi-mimosa (5%), Tingi-alum (4%),Tingi-alum (6%), Tingi-mimosa (5%)-alum (4%), and Tingi-mimosa (5%)-alum (6%). Characterization methods included chemical and physical tests. The results show that the Tingi extract can be used as vegetable tanning material, and the optimum properties were obtained when the alum (4%) was added after the Tingi extract {Tingi-alum (4%)}.The optimum properties were shrinkage temperature of 86 oC; total ash content of 0.73%; water soluble matter of 0.89%; pH of 3.78; degree of tannage of 96.37%; tensile strength of 370.65 kg/cm2; elongation at break of 36.52%; rubfastness of 5 (dry); and 4 (wet). The resulting leather also meet the requirements of Ethiopian Standard 1185:2005, Leather-Lining leather-Specification.Keywords: Tingi bark’s extract, alum, mimosa, vegetable tanning, lining leather.
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Utilization Of Pickle Skin Trimming Waste as Flocculant Through Alkaline Hydrolysis of Collagen for Water Treatment
Abstract
Wastes in the form of skin derivatives from leather tanning industries remain serious problems if not managed properly and quickly, since they can cause environmental pollution. This research aimed at studying the influence of base type and concentration for the hydrolysis of trimmed collagen from pickled sheepskin to the yield and properties of gelatin, as well as the gelatin’s potential as flocculant. The hydrolysis of trimmed collagen from pickled sheepskin was performed using KOH or NaOH solution, each with varied concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4% w/v, for 16 hours. The extraction of the resulting gelatin was performed using water (2.5 water part : 1 waste part), at 70-80 oC, for 3 hours. The results show that the yield of gelatin from hydrolysis using KOH (16.50-28.60%) is lower than that using NaOH (23.68-34.42%). The water and fat contents of the resulting gelatin were relatively similar, while the protein content from KOH treatment was higher than that from NaOH treatment. Hydrolysis with KOH 1% and NaOH 1% and 2% resulted in gelatin that can be used as flocculant. Hydrolysis with NaOH 2% was the best treatment to produce gelatin as flocculant.
Keywords: pickled sheepskin, trimming waste, hydrolysis, gelatin, flocculant.
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BIOCOMPOSITE OF RAMIE FIBER AND MODIFIED SECRETION OF LAC INSECT BY INCORPORATING HYDRATED AND UNHYDRATED LATEX
Abstract
Biocomposites are composite materials comprising one or more phases derived from a biological origin. Biocomposite with natural matrix developed more rapidly because they are more environmentally safer. The objective of research was to modify natural matrix from lac insect secretion with adding hydrated latex, to study effect of adding hydrated latex to the functional groups and the intrinsic viscosity of lac insect secretion, and to measure mechanical properties of biocomposite from modified lac insect secretion and ramie fiber. A sulfuric acid solution was used as catalyst in hydration of latex and then natural matrix of lac insect secretion was modified by adding hydrated latex. Biocomposite was prepared by mixing rami fiber and modified lac insect secretion. It was then pressed with hydraulic press at 150 kgf/cm2 and 150oC for 15 minutes. Biocomposites were characterized using tensile tester according to ASTDM D 638-90 Type IV. The adding of catalyst caused the decreasing of intrinsic viscosity of latex. The adding of hydrated latex to natural matrix caused the increasing of intrinsic viscosity and functional group of matrix. The using 30% of catalyst and adding 10% of hydrated latex produced biocomposite with strength at break of 0.982 MPa, elongation at break of 1.189%, and Young modulus of 0.929 MPa.
Keywords: biocomposite, hydration, latex, lac insect secretion, ramie fiber.
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MANUFACTURING OF NANO VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATION IN LEATHER TANNING
Abstract
This study aimed to create nano vegetable tanning materials of acacia bark extract. The process started with size reduction of acacia bark (16.7 mm x 4.9 mm x 1.8 mm), followed by counter current extraction of acacia bark with water at 80ºC with 1:3 bark to water ratio in order to obtain extracts with density of 9-10ºBe. Drying was done with a spray dryer. Particle size of the resulting powders was measured with particle size analyzer. Planetary ball mill was used for 6 hours to obtain average particle size of 72.9 nm. A variety of vegetable tanning materials were applied in the vegetable tanning process with varied concentrations of 15, 20, and 25%. The use of 25% nano vegetable tanning material of acacia bark extract gave the best results compared to liquid extract of acacia bark and mimosa. The properties of the leather obtained were tensile strength of 27.04 kg/cm2, elongation at break of 50%, shrinkage temperature of 84oC, and degree of tannage of 79.65%.Keywords: vegetable tanning material, nano particle, acacia bark, extraction, planetary ball mill.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM POLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC WASTE AND DURIAN SEED STARCH
Abstract
Manufacturing of biodegradable plastic has been conducted by blending polypropylene plastic waste and durian seed starch. Polypropylene plastic waste was refluxed by xylene solvent and durian seeds starch was prepared by precipitation method with hard water and aquadest. The composition of blends were 94:6, 92:8, and 90:10 (%w/w). The mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting plastics were characterized. Based on the test result, biodegradable plastics with the ratio of 94:6 met the expectation. The mechanical properties obtained were tensile strength of 25.722 N/m2 and elongation at break of 5.292%. Thermal properties analysis showed that the melting point temperature was 163.68°C and the decomposition temperature was 445.62oC.
Keywords: biodegradable plastic, polypropylene plastic waste, durian seeds starch, characteristic.
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UTILIZATION OF CASSAVA PEEL WASTE MODIFIED ALKANOLAMIDE AS FILLER IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX PRODUCTS: THE EFFECT OF DRYING TIME
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of drying time on the mechanical properties of natural rubber latex filled with cassava peel waste modified alkanolamide. Cassava peel is a waste, containing cellulose which is potential as fillers in natural rubber latex products. Cassava peel waste was dried and milled until the size of 100 mesh. Alkanolamide is one type of non-ionic surfactant which is synthesized from RBDPS (Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin) and diethanolamine. Alkanolamide has polar group which can modified cassava peel waste and make strong chemical bonding with natural rubber latex. The production of natural rubber latex products was started from pre-vulcanization at 70°C until the system was cured and the chloroform number has reached number 3. Natural rubber latex was formed into films by coagulant dipping and drying method at 120°C for 10 minutes and 20 minutes. Results show that longer drying time will improve the crosslink density and tensile strength of natural rubber latex products until the addition of 15 phr cassava peel waste powder.
Keywords: drying time, alkanolamide, cassava peel, natural rubber latex.
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